Parrot cichlid - Hoplarchus psittacus

Scientific name: Hoplarchus psittacus

Common name: Parrot cichlid

Family: Cichlidae

Usual size in fish tanks: 26 - 33 cm (10.24 - 12.99 inch)

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Recommended pH range for the species: 5.5 - 6.5

Recommended water hardness (dGH): 2 - 12°N (35.71 - 214.29ppm)

0°C 32°F30°C 86°F

Recommended temperature: 25 - 30 °C (77 - 86°F)

The way how these fish reproduce: Spawning

Where the species comes from: South America

Temperament to its own species: peaceful

Temperament toward other fish species: aggressive to smaller

Usual place in the tank: Middle levels

Origin

The Parrot Cichlid, scientifically known as Hoplarchus psittacus, originates from the blackwater areas of South America, specifically found in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. These fish inhabit slow-moving rivers and flooded forests, where the water is soft, acidic, and rich in tannins from decaying plant matter. In their natural habitat, they often seek shelter among submerged tree roots and fallen leaves, which provide them with plenty of hiding spots and foraging opportunities. When keeping them in an aquarium, it is important to replicate these conditions to help reduce stress and encourage natural behaviors.

Appearance

Parrot Cichlids are large, robust fish that can grow up to 33 cm (12.99 inches) in aquariums. They have a distinctive parrot-like profile, with a prominent forehead and a strong jaw. Their body color ranges from greenish-gray to a darker hue, often exhibiting iridescent blue or green scales that shimmer in subdued lighting. As they mature, some individuals may develop bright orange or red coloration on their gill covers and fins, adding to their visual appeal. Their large size and striking appearance make them a centerpiece fish in large aquariums.

Feeding and Diet

Parrot Cichlids are omnivorous and require a varied diet to maintain optimal health. In the aquarium, their staple diet should consist of high-quality cichlid pellets or large flake food. To provide essential protein, supplement their diet with meaty foods such as chopped earthworms, bloodworms, and shrimp pellets. These cichlids also benefit from the occasional addition of vegetable matter; offer chopped spinach, spirulina flakes, or blanched zucchini to ensure a balanced diet.

Feeding should be done once or twice daily in portions they can consume within a few minutes. Due to their large size and high waste production, avoid overfeeding to maintain water quality. Introducing live foods like feeder fish should be done cautiously, as it may increase their aggression towards smaller tankmates. Proper diet management will not only promote their vibrant colors but also support their overall health and longevity.

Tank Setup and Environment

Given their large size, Parrot Cichlids require a spacious aquarium to thrive. A single specimen needs a tank of at least 300 liters (80 gallons), and for a pair, a 600-liter (160 gallons) tank or larger is recommended. These fish are active swimmers and occupy the middle levels of the tank, so providing ample swimming space is essential.

To replicate their natural blackwater habitat, use a soft, sandy substrate and incorporate plenty of driftwood and rocks to create hiding spots. Adding Indian Almond leaves or peat moss will help create the slightly acidic and tannin-rich water they are accustomed to in the wild. Include robust plants such as Amazon Swords or Anubias, which can withstand the occasional digging behavior of these cichlids. Floating plants like Amazon Frogbit can be added to diffuse the lighting and create a more natural environment.

A high-quality filtration system is crucial, as Parrot Cichlids are high waste producers. Use a canister filter or sump to provide efficient mechanical and biological filtration. Regular water changes (20-30% weekly) are necessary to maintain optimal water conditions and reduce the build-up of organic waste.

Water Parameters

Parrot Cichlids thrive in soft, acidic water, with a pH range of 5.5-6.5. The recommended water hardness (dGH) is between 2-12°N (35.71-214.29 ppm). They prefer warm water temperatures, ideally between 25-30°C (77-86°F). Keeping the water conditions stable is essential, as these cichlids can be sensitive to fluctuations.

Regularly monitor the water parameters using pH, KH (carbonate hardness), and GH (general hardness) test kits to ensure the environment remains within their preferred range. Proper aeration is also important, as these cichlids require well-oxygenated water. To achieve this, use a water pump or air stones to enhance surface agitation and oxygen exchange.

Behavior and Compatibility

While Parrot Cichlids are generally peaceful with their own species, they can be aggressive towards smaller or similarly sized fish, especially in confined spaces. Their territorial nature intensifies during breeding periods, so providing adequate space and hiding spots is vital to reduce stress and aggression. In a community setup, it is best to house them with other large, robust species that can handle themselves, such as large catfish or other South American cichlids like Severums and Green Terrors.

Despite their size and territorial behavior, they exhibit fascinating social interactions when kept in pairs or small groups. These cichlids establish territories, communicate through body language, and even display parental care during the breeding process. Due to their complex behaviors and potential for aggression, Parrot Cichlids are best suited for experienced aquarists who have managed other large cichlid species.

Sexing

Sexing Parrot Cichlids can be challenging, particularly when they are young. Males are generally larger and have a more robust body shape than females. However, there is no definitive external characteristic that guarantees accurate sexing for the average fish keeper. If breeding is desired, it is advisable to acquire a proven pair from a reputable breeder to ensure successful reproduction.

Breeding

Breeding Hoplarchus psittacus in captivity can be a rewarding yet challenging experience. These cichlids are bi-parental spawners, meaning both parents take an active role in caring for the eggs and fry. To encourage spawning, ensure the tank conditions closely resemble their natural habitat with soft, acidic water and a warm temperature of around 28-30°C (82-86°F).

The male will select and clean a flat rock or a section of the substrate as the spawning site. When the female is ready, she lays a batch of 100-200 eggs, which the male fertilizes. Both parents guard the eggs fiercely, fanning them to ensure proper oxygenation. The eggs hatch within 3-5 days, and the parents continue to protect the fry until they are free-swimming.

Once the fry are swimming independently, they can be fed with newly hatched brine shrimp or finely crushed flake food. Maintaining high water quality and regular feeding of the fry is crucial for their growth and survival. Due to the challenges associated with breeding this species, it is recommended for aquarists with experience in breeding other large cichlids.

Lifespan

The Parrot Cichlid (Hoplarchus psittacus) has an expected lifespan of up to 10 years in captivity, provided they receive proper care. Their longevity depends on maintaining high water quality, a balanced diet, and a spacious environment to accommodate their large size and active nature.

Short Description

The Parrot Cichlid is a large, striking fish known for its parrot-like profile and iridescent scales. This species thrives in spacious aquariums that replicate its South American blackwater habitat, requiring soft, acidic water and plenty of hiding spots. While generally peaceful with their own kind, they can be aggressive towards smaller fish, making them more suitable for a species-only tank or with other robust tankmates. Not recommended for beginners, these cichlids demand experienced care, particularly in terms of water quality and tank setup.

Pictures

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